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Belief is "measured" through subjective self-reported data, i.e. questionnaires, whereas prediction errors through objective non-self-report measures, i.e. brain scans. These are two different realms ...

I did a computer science and mathematics degree and am now working as an infrastructure engineer. I have a mild to severe stutter depending on the day. I don’t believe there is any correlation between...

Anxious Situations make stutter way worse

Anxious Situations make stutter way worse I have very bad anxiety/OCD even though I portray myself to others as a confident and outgoing person. In low stress environments such as hanging out with my...

It's definitely a adrenaline/ptsd response in my opinion. Alot of us where probably humiliated as a kid and it created a stronghold or automatic fear reaction in our mind. Now that we're older it's al...

Isn't it just a reaction to perceiving prediction **errors**? This research explains it better: [https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/uph5g](https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/uph5g) You could see it lik...

Some people go through fight or flight response when they encounter scary situations. For people that stutter, our speech impediment over time trains our nervous system that speaking is ‘scary’. When ...

I’d love to get some info from you. My stutter is pretty mild and only gets bad when I’m tired or anxious. But once it gets going it kinda snowballs. What techniques do you use?...

*Continuation:* * RPEs in classical and instrumental conditioning and reinforcement learning (RL) * With regard to the involvement of RPE in RL, one key observation was that, if the PE is absent, lea...

[Research](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7804370/): Dopamine, Prediction Error and Beyond (2021) * **Dopamine** neurons serve a general function in signaling the expectation of (any) i...

[Research](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802367/): The biochemistry of belief * **Dopamine** levels are linked to belief formation, as evidenced by research on paranormal thoughts. Be...

I have summarized the key points from various research studies: [Research](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9062982/): Dopamine and the interdependency of time perception and reward (2021...

I have summarized the key points from various research studies: [Research](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6379460/): A Reward-Based Framework of Perceived Control (2019) * Perceived co...

In my opinion, the problem may be our intolerance to the sensation of a perceived loss of control (resulting in a drop of post-synaptic dopamine release), and then we stutter. On the other hand, stu...

Agree or disagree, something is either true or it isn't. Anxiety does not cause stuttering. It may aggravate it but stuttering is not born from anything psychological....

I agree and disagree.  Stutterers stutter for reasons they normally do AND they stutter for reasons normal people do. Stuttering caused by the anxiety of stuttering is not caused by stuttering direct...

Yes, anxiety can certainly make it worse. But anxiety is not the root cause. You don't stutter because you have anxiety. Your stutter may worsen when dealing with anxiety but it is not the reason your...

What exactly are you saying? Obviously it is not cause in the sense that if you had no anxiety then you wouldn’t stutter.  But it is certainly a cause in the same way it is for regular people and it...

2 speech therapists, licensed in different states have told me this. For myself and for others, anxiety is a cause. You can also research it....

Anxiety does not cause stuttering. It might exacerbate it but it is not a cause. Did a speech therapist tell you this?...

Ever since my stutter emerged my day to day life has also been a struggle. I count my blessings that mine isn't a set in stone and really only comes out after a stressful episode so I feel for you. H...