*This is my attempt to summarize the YT video:* **Summary**: (from 1 to 18 minutes in the video) Proactive control: * A = cue * X = target event (e.g., your name) * Response: approach / avoidance Almost all adult who stutter (AWS) is frequently preceded by some cue that stuttering is going to occur resulting in a state of anticipation: * A > approach /avoid > X * AY = false alarms reflect proactivity * BX = false alarms reflect reactivity * BY = a foil Research results: * proactivity is linked to stuttering experience. * the more proactive PWS stutter, the more negative experiences during communication (because of the pursuit of fluency especially in response to cognitive beliefs (1) these negative statements: "I do not want people to know that I stutter", and (2) "I do not speak as well as most other people") * proactivity was linked to positive experiences (positive impact) on their own reactions to their own stuttering. Suggesting that proactivity is not always a bad thing **Lens of cognitive beliefs:** (that result in unnecessary behavior) * Cognitive bias * cognitive reappraisal * Negative cognitions about stuttering These then become **rules** learned accross a lifetime of stuttering. The longer we continue stuttering (after stuttering onset), the harder it becomes to take this down. **Outcome:** Stuttering anticipation during communication is sometimes not effective, and other times can be effective. (aka anticipation is a double edged sword) Whenever we perceive stuttering anticipation as effective, it can lead to (fake) confidence, 'Yes, my response to anticipation resulted in fluency just now.'