Thank you for your reply! I can resonate with much of what Brocklehurst (PhD) states, but my opinions diverge slightly when it comes to the VRT (variable release threshold) hypothesis. Namely, Brocklehurst suggests lowering the expectations by prioritizing fluency over speech accuracy, which, according to him, is what we are doing also doing during choral reading. I have a slightly different opinion about this. Namely, I don't think that 'not prioritizing speech accuracy' is considered lowering the expectations, rather I consider this "meeting the maladaptive expectations". Let me give an example, let's say that I don't have an eating, sleeping or studying problem. But then out of the blue, I create an expectation "I need to listen to good music or watch 1 episode on Netflix" right before studying or sleeping. Result: What happens is, yes indeed, we may be able to study or sleep properly when we meet such 'maladaptive' expectation, but such expectations also create a gap or dichotomy between "good" and "bad" (but it's imaginary, there is no good or bad, it's just unnecessary rule-setting that we set to limit our performance/actions). It's similar to a person who doesn't have problems with doing presentations, but one day, he creates the expectation: "I need confidence to do a presentation properly". For example, because the new normal in society (wrong belief) is to need confidence for such a 'challenging' action. The moment this person starts to rely on this unnecessary expectation, he falls into a trap (or vicious loop if we are talking about stuttering mechanisms). Because now he enters a loop, in where he is constantly monitoring/alert whether he has a certain threshold of confidence for the associated action. To go back to speech accuracy, yes indeed, more speech accuracy might trigger stuttering. But why does it trigger stuttering? It's likely because we have such an expectation e.g.: "I desire or I need less speech accuracy, to allow initiation of motor programs" (or something similar.. such as, I blame speech accuracy for making it harder for me to execute speech motor plans). So, Brocklehurst (PhD) suggests to lower speech accuracy, but I think that if we would do that, we would just meet such maladaptive expectation because we would be doing exactly what the "rule" (that we have set) demands. If you think about it, for non-stutterers the whole concept of "*needing less speech accuracy, or needing more confidence, etc etc (and 100s of other rules that PWS rely on for syllable initiation)*" is silly. Why would non-stutterers create such expectations? If they would, then that is exactly what creates a stutter disorder. If you think about it, is there even a need for PWS to rely on any expectation to initiate motor programs? (because I think definitely not. I urge you to do the strategy for 3 months that I suggested in previous comment, otherwise it's most likely impossible to understand this comment) Conclusion: I draw the conclusion that speech therapy focuses often on reducing negative aspects and boosting positive aspects, such as, increasing confidence (because many people associate or link confidence to initiating motor programs, and thus, they rely on wrong information). Just because "a confident feeling" has a positive association, doesn't mean that we should create (and rely on) an expectation to increase confidence to make it easier to execute speech motor plans. I'd say that relying on such an expectation might worsen the stutter disorder, in this specific viewpoint.. but do you also understand my argument for this (as explained above)? Do you think we should continue meeting such expectations (that we have done most of our stuttering lives)? Or, do you think we should revert back closer to early onset stuttering where we didn't rely on such expectations? (which is what non-stutterers seem to do)