In my opinion: I perceive that some people who stutter (PWS) attribute the persistence of their stuttering to neurological differences, but is it really fair to lend this argument so much credibility? Functionally, PWS may overactivate right-hemisphere neural substrates in the brain. However, research suggests that PWS: * use excessive error detection ([1](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.286013v1.full)) * react abnormally to the sensation of loss of control ([2](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0094730X23000402)) * change to controlled processes when they anticipate or perceive stuttering such as applying avoidance or secondary responses ([3](https://alliedhealth.ceconnection.com/ovidfiles/00011363-202201000-00004.pdf)) * increase sensorimotor activity ([4](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3229720/)) * pre-activate motor control regions before activating the speech programming regions in the brain ([5](https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.07.286013v1.full)) * resulting in neurological functional differences in the brain. **Conclusion**: So, is it really fair to give *functional differences* so much credibility? Structurally, PWS may have altered brain structure. However, research suggests that reduced neural activity or disuse can lead to structural changes, and prolonged functional overactivation (such as, overactivation of the direct, indirect and hyperdirect pathways)([1](https://www.google.com/search?q=direct%2C+indirect+and+hyperdirect+pathways+%22stuttering%22)) could result in structural changes, such as an increased volume. Additionally, habitual overreliance on the 5 points mentioned above as compensatory mechanism, could decrease whole-brain connectivity with left-hemisphere neural substrates, such as left putamen and left supplementary area ([2](https://mcgovern.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/fnhum-10-00190-1.pdf)). **Conclusion**: So, is it really fair to give *structural differences* so much credibility? Dopamine-related, PWS may have altered dopamine release (compared to non-stutterers) during speech production. However, [this](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352029918_STUTTERING_DOPAMINE_AND_INCENTIVE_LEARNING) research suggests that perceived anticipation, (1) initially leads to an increase in dopamine release \[novel effect\], (2) and if anticipation is then evaluated as negative by the brain, the dopamine release decreases, leading to stuttered speech. **Conclusion**: So, is it really fair to give *dopamine differences* so much credibility leading to perceiving it as more real? Or, is it more likely that giving it credibility can result in PWS justifying the production and feedback system - over relying on automatic feedforward processes? Grey matter and white matter-related, PWS may have reduced grey matter in the Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus. Grey matter processes and integrates information within specific brain regions. White matter facilitates communication between different brain regions. Dopamine functions as a chemical messenger in the brain modulating and influencing communication within neural circuits. However, research suggests that prolonged inactivity or reduced neural activity in specific brain regions may lead to atrophy or a decrease in the volume of grey matter (especially observed in neurological conditions). Additionally, a lack of neural activity can result in synaptic pruning, where unnecessary synapses are eliminated. This is a natural process that refines neural connections based on experience and activity levels. White matter consists of myelinated axons, and prolonged reduced neural activity could lead to decreased myelination of these axons. Prolonged inactivity may result in decreased connectivity between brain regions. **Conclusion**: So, is it really fair to give *Grey matter and white matter differences* so much credibility?