>*"But humans can consciously move some muscles even if we can’t control every step that makes it happen. If I want to raise my arm it happens, because I* ***wanted it to****."* Absolutely, it's like this: our muscles follow our lead only when we consciously decide to move them (*or as you already pointed out when we* ***want to***) – that's what I call "step 1" in the list. The rest of the process just happens automatically, out of our conscious control. But, if someone who stutters tries to skip "step 1" and jumps straight to "step 17," which researchers call: *directly operating the feedforward system*, then it doesn't work (because no human can move muscles without step 1) and we remain stuck in a block. This may then lead them to "learn" putting overreliance on the feedback system. Often, people who stutter start thinking that the usual way of getting out of a speech block is to do other things (other than step #1), such as, tensing the speech muscles, using different words, or even trying techniques (like fluency-shaping), immersing yourself in anticipation or helplessness, or attempting to reduce anticipation, anxiety or the out-of-control feeling. So, ask yourself when you are stuck in a block, whereby you are not implementing step #1: **What action are you right now performing to attempt to execute speech movements?** (to get out of the block)