I’m glad you realize we are on the same team My copy of the latest DSM is in my office at work, and I can’t readily find a link to the exact terminology, but I know diagnostic criteria now includes anxiety and avoidance behaviors. The direction treatment is going in is to teach people to speak with repetitions, because ultimately, those have much less impact on getting a message out accurately. Blocks, avoidance bxs, and other secondary behaviors severely impact the accuracy in which one’s message is conveyed. I’ve spoken about this in my post here. https://www.reddit.com/r/Stutter/s/H9COBA9x0A Please note, as a children’s mental provider, I often have great disdain for CBT, especially bc it is often done so sloppily, but for anxiety-related blocks and related, it IS helpful. In fact, IMO and maybe backed by formal academics, blocks, as an attempt to hide repetitions, are a type of avoidance.