The problem with exposure (reading out loud when you are an adult) is, you are not creating a new pathway for \[labeling your stutter\] or \[justifying compulsion\] (and many other stutter triggers or attachments). Let's take an example, if you speak for 2 months straight alone without stuttering, after 2 months you still believe and label yourself as a stutterer whenever you speak to someone so you didn't create a new pathway. Let's assume that creating a new pathway improves (or removes) stuttering. Then the solution is: \- as you said, exposure to stop compulsion \- detaching importance, as I said, by creating a new pathway in your brain: \[not labeling your stutter, not reacting to it, not having an opinion on it\] and \[not justifying compulsion, being okay with stopping compulsion, have an opinion that no compulsion is acceptable and is your way of speaking\] ​ I understand that making new pathways is by learning a new habit (without changing the old habit). So to translate that to stuttering, our old habit is anticipating a stutter (purposely to prepare for a stutter). The solution would then be, taken the new pathways strategy, is not to change the old habit and not stop or hide it. Instead, we immediately create the new fluency habit and applying exposure by anchoring between the two habits?! An example: \- Before we stutter, we don't have confidence so we say "I can't". \- The new pathway strategy is not where you change the fear "I can't" to "I can", because then you are changing the same pathway in your brain, from negative to positive \- The new pathway strategy is about creating a whole new (not yet existing) pathway into your brain by thinking/responding completely different without using information from the old habit. Instead of changing I can't to I can, you create a complete new pathway with "I can" without replacing/changing the current "I can't". \- you end up with 2 habits, a habit with I can't and a habit with I can \- finally, the more you do new habit, the more your instinct will automatically choose the new pathway