>" Thinking because someone can't offer a full blown cure, why waste their time, not understanding how much one can improve breaking past their conditioning" Agreed! You are right, absolutely. Let me give an example. At 2-3 years of age, saying my feared name did not increase my stuttering. Even at 10 years of age it didn't increase my stuttering. However, let's say that I was 4 years of age, and let's assume that I would constantly tell myself: **"Oh no, fearing my name will result in more stuttering and trigger stuttering**". Over time, this can lead to creating a "feared word when saying my name" resulting in totally unnecessary stuttering. So in this example, what has happened is: \- stimulus: fear of saying my name \- expectation (or value judgement): 'I need to reduce this fear first before my subconscious allows speech execution of the initial speech plan i.e., what I initially wanted to say/sound like' \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Conditioning: Over time, the stimulus becomes a "conditioned stimulus", and is associated with the poorly fine-tuning of my "internal appropriateness filter" to allow executoin of speech (that is, to allow saying the word or sound). Result: Most of us speak fluently when alone. But if we add another person, then this conditioned fear of saying our name, might increase or trigger our stuttering. Conclusion: So most speech therapists are not aware of this conditioning process/mechanism. Instead, most speech therapists likely think: "*If you add another person and you stutter, and you feel no conscious fear or trigger. Then it must be neurological.*" Of course, I don't think it has suddenly become "more" neurological; it's still equally as neurological as other people who have developmental stuttering. It's just that each unique person is conditioned differenttly, meaning that each of us had different experiences, different beliefs and biases, different expectations, and all of us have different viewpoints of how we look at our stuttering, and how we think we "should" stutter. Or rather: "our subconscious" is conditioned to view stuttering in a certain way - and this perception/expectation is what's triggering the approach-avoidance conflict, in my opinion. That's just my own take on it.