> But what if we were only left with neurological component excluding every thing else such psychological reactions , word fears and associations , avoidance behaviors, secondary behaviors and tensing up of the body that make the block longer than it is caused by neurological defect . Yes, let's go back. These features OP points out are not stuttering per se, they are the physiological and emotional reaction to stuttering. This is something we **do** in response to stuttering. These are things that can be changed. We may not be able to change the fact that our speech contains disfluencies. We may not be able to change the fact that stuttering is physically more arduous. But we can develop more adaptive strategies to cope with stuttering. While you may find a lot of benefit in focusing only on the reduction of the frequency and severity of disfluencies there are more ways to manage stuttering. Reducing the behavior of stuttering will do little to change the negative reaction to stuttering. This is all I'm really saying. The way we react to stuttering is independent of disfluencies. And we can use this to develop more adaptive strategies to manage the overall impact of stuttering.