Agreed! The genetic and neurological factors will never be the same as in non-stutterers - if we consider stuttering remission in adults who stutter. See for examples these research studies: \- How the brain repairs stuttering, 2009 \- Brain developmental trajectories associated with childhood stuttering persistence and recovery, 2023 \- Structural brain differences in pre-adolescents who persist in and recover from stuttering, 2020 So I think that none of the following stuttering categories will ever fully go away (even after stuttering remission): \- formulation difficulty stuttering-like disfluencies \- speech planning difficulty stuttering-like disfluencies \- ADHD tripping over words type of stuttering-like disfluencies \- genetic/neurological differences leading to error-proneness and hypersensitivity.. which I think some people would label as much deeper hardware deficits \- execution difficulty stuttering (from neurogenic stuttering). I'm referring to what the VRT summary (2024) states: "Neurogenic stuttering = Stuttering that appears to have been caused by a neurological injury of some sort. Usually, late-onset stuttering is presumed to be neurogenic, but there is no logical reason why early childhood stuttering cannot be neurogenic as well. Indeed, Alm and Risberg postulate that about 40% of all stuttering has a neurogenic component to it. It is quite possible that the percentage is much higher, including among young children." This researcher wrote in his book (page 356, The perfect stutter) that he put his stuttering into remission for 10 years. However, I argue that this doesn't imply that he got rid of the above stuttering categories. In fact, all those stuttering categories will likely remain for the rest of our lives even during periods of stuttering remission, I argue. Your thoughts? ?? Perhaps the only stutter category that can be significantly reduced (to the point that it's hardly noticeable) is execution difficulty stuttering (specifically stuttering in response to conditioned stimuli, like anticipatory anxiety, and unconditioned stimuli like fear of social rejection)?