Now, as a medical student who stutters, first of all, I want to say I appreciate your work. Secondly, I think that the main problem with stuttering research is that there are many types of stutterers. So, for example, unlike Tourette Syndrome, it is hard to properly classify participants in those researches. All of them might be different. As a result, our conclusion will be misguided. I think that we should distinguish stutterers as 'mainly psychological' stutterers and 'mainly neurological' stutterers. (Not to deny that there are significant overlaps in both groups but this is the main sketch of my idea) If someone's stutter is really mainly neurological (and its etiology is as expected, such as early starting age, stuttering even when alone, gendered as male), behavioral and psychological modifications will only work to some extent. So in this group, we should aim for the antidopaminergic drugs that specifically 'aim' for the neuronal areas that are related to the severe neurological stuttering. Neurons of the Nucleus Accumbens are mainly dopaminergic. Thirdly, there are also different competing theories for stuttering. Apart from the dopaminergic hypothesis, there is also a metabolic hypothesis (the hypothesis that claims there might be some hypoxia caused by disturbed energy metabolism in some areas of the brains of stutterers) and a hypothesis about the amygdala as far as I know. So, for each different stuttering subject, there might be some different mechanism -or mechanisms- at work. And this is a real hardship for a generalized treatment of stuttering.