Genetics doesn't imply outside of your control. The articles OP links namely assert that stuttering is a result of particular ways of thinking and relating to the world Genetics and neurophysiology can absolutely underlie those things. But when we're talking about somebody's ways of thinking and relating to the world, we arrive at the funny realisation that these things can absolutely be influenced environmentally as well, through intent or otherwise. One example: a person genetically prone to extreme anxiety could tame this through CBT, a loving community, stress-free job, etc That said I appreciate how nebulous this may sound