I provided you with links. Since I am at home, lets get this over with because this is getting really bothersome and worrying. > A typical white-matter integrity and elevated dopamine levels have been reported for individuals who stutter. We investigated how such abnormalities may lead to speech dysfluencies due to their effects on a syllable-sequencing circuit that consists of basal ganglia (BG), thalamus, and left ventral premotor cortex (vPMC). “Neurally impaired” versions of the neurocomputational speech production model GODIVA were utilized to test two hypotheses: (1) that white-matter abnormalities disturb the circuit via corticostriatal projections carrying copies of executed motor commands, and (2) that dopaminergic abnormalities disturb the circuit via the striatum. Simulation results support both hypotheses: in both scenarios, the neural abnormalities delay readout of the next syllable’s motor program, leading to dysfluency. The results also account for brain imaging findings during dysfluent speech. It is concluded that each of the two abnormality types can cause stuttering moments, probably by affecting the same BG-thalamus-vPMC circuit. [Computational modeling of stuttering caused by impairments in a basal ganglia thalamo-cortical circuit involved in syllable selection and initiation](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3775364/). > Stuttering has been associated with differences in brain anatomy, functioning, and dopamine regulation thought to be due to genetic causes. > Genetic analysis of the DRD2 gene, a prevalent dopamine receptor in the brain, showed increased frequency of a specific allele in AWS > Antipsychotics that block dopamine receptors in the brain have shown promising results, but much of the data are not easily replicable, are older, or are limited to small studies > The atypical antipsychotic risperidone showed significant improvements in stuttering at 6 weeks compared with both placebo and baseline (P = .025) > Olanzapine, another atypical antipsychotic, showed a statistically significant effect on stuttering symptoms compared with placebo in a randomized trial of 24 participants [Stuttering - Clinical and research update](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4907555/). If reddit's RES still worked and reddit didn't have this new, shitty update, I could go on and on about this topic but i'll end here just to prove that you are completely wrong and should be capable of doing research for yourself. Its not that hard.