Research on phasic dopamine in people who stutter: 1. Alm (2021) reviewed the role of dopamine in movement sequences and speech motor control, suggesting that phasic dopamine signaling might be disrupted in stuttering. **Key findings:** Dopamine's role in automatizing speech movements is critical, and stuttering may involve impaired phasic dopamine bursts that are essential for efficient signal processing. [Link to full text](https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2021.661880/full) 2. Alm (2021) explored how disruptions in tonic dopamine levels impair phasic dopamine bursts, leading to an impaired signal-to-noise ratio in stuttering. **Key findings:** Elevated tonic dopamine levels might impair the phasic burst required for precise speech control. [Link to full text](https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2021.662204/full) 3. Alm (2004) critically reviewed the role of basal ganglia and dopamine in stuttering, proposing that disturbances in phasic dopamine signaling contribute to stuttering. **Key findings:** Stuttering might result from altered dopaminergic circuits in the basal ganglia, which are responsible for motor initiation and sequencing. [Link to full text](https://www.academia.edu/download/31635747/per_alm_.pdf) 4. Civier et al. (2013) used computational modeling to link dopamine dysregulation to basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuits in stuttering. **Key findings:** Impaired phasic dopamine release affects syllable selection and initiation, contributing to speech disruptions. [Link to full text](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3775364/) 5. Brocklehurst (2021) proposed that phasic fluctuations in dopamine may underlie attention and motor control deficits in stuttering. **Key findings:** Variations in dopamine receptor densities are associated with altered phasic responses in individuals with stuttering. [Link to full text](https://stammeringresearch.org/publications/stuttering-dopamine-incentive-learning/) 6. Xiao et al. (2021) investigated the role of FoxP2 and dopamine signaling in vocal motor sequences. **Key findings:** Findings suggest a regulatory role of phasic dopamine in vocal motor coordination, with implications for disorders like stuttering. [Link to full text](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-22918-2) 7. Busan et al. (2021) examined non-invasive brain stimulation to modulate dopamine pathways in stuttering. **Key findings:** Improvements in fluency correlated with altered dopaminergic activity, implicating phasic dopamine's role in speech motor control. [Link to full text](https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2021.662016/full) 8. Smits-Bandstra and Luc (2007) discussed the influence of dopamine on sequence learning deficits in stuttering. **Key findings:** Experimentally induced dopamine loss led to impaired motor encoding, mirroring challenges faced by individuals who stutter. [Link to Full Text]()