I am sorry for taking so long to answer, I've been answering other people so far. Reinforcing what I said before: *We cannot confirm the role of dopamine in stuttering, only that "there's a relation between dopamine levels and stuttering," but we cannot yet conclude how this mechanism works, when it causes stuttering, when it's working as a causal factor or a consequence of stuttering, and other indirect impacts on stuttering.* I will take excerpts from the articles you sent yourself to demonstrate this: Conclusion: *Reduced perfusion in Broca's area in developmental stutteringReduced perfusion in Broca's area in developmental stuttering* " Moreover, a greater abnormality in rCBF in the posterior language loop is associated with more severe symptoms, **suggesting** **that a common pathophysiology throughout the language loop likely contributes to stuttering severity"** Conclusion: *Involvement of the Cortico-Basal Ganglia-Thalamocortical Loop in Developmental StutteringInvolvement of the Cortico-Basal Ganglia-Thalamocortical Loop in Developmental Stuttering* "Anatomy and function of this cortico-BG loop have been found to be atypical in an increasing number of studies of speakers who stutter, **pointing to possible** deficits within the basal ganglia proper; connections between cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus; and in the cortical circuitry involved in speech production". So, you're obviously rushing conclusions about the dopamine effect and its role in stuttering too. Its ok if you're doing a theory about sttutering, but you simply cannot confirm that "everything you said is insustainable cause dopalime has a relation with stuttering as these articles show". Like, what? And the worst part is that this information does not even directly contradict the Two-Factor Theory I presented. The theory does not deny that that the desintegration effect has deeper physiological explanation; Actually, the authors let the desintegration effect open to physiological explanations. It only explains how external stimulus can trigger this physiological effect, that could very well be related to dopaminergic variations, interhemispheric connections, synaptic difficulties, or any other neurophysiological factor.