Your message is very helpful thanks! I think this question you’re raising is kinda the “catch 22” of stuttering. On one hand people often stutter less when they are speaking confidently. But as you also mention, does a conscious association between confidence and fluency create a subjective but temporary sense of having the ability to be fluent. The problem with linking confidence to fluency is almost that it ends up being more of a mental trap to person in exchange for fluency. It may make them fluent, but they’ve just put more demands on themself to perform, like some sort of OCD ritual that an athlete might do before they go out into the field. Thanks for your reply! Will read the link you posted too.