Key point: "Instructing" does not imply a conscious effort to move speech muscles but rather a subconscious signal to the brain indicating when to initiate movement. See the distinction? "instructing" can still result in stuttering. This simply means intervention A (addressing the feedforward system) succeeded, but intervention B (addressing its disruption of poorly fine-tuning the release threshold) failed. Both interventions (both A and B) are required for PWS to achieve stuttering remission. I argue that 80% of CWS that recover - must have addressed both interventions, whether knowingly or not. "Instructing" doesn’t require willpower, desire, or heightened awareness. It simply involves signaling the brain to initiate the motor plan subconsciously. Instructing simply means signaling my brain when to start executing the motor plan. It’s not a behavior but rather a way of communicating with my subconscious. For example, if we do nothing, the muscles won’t move. But if we ‘instruct,’ the automatic processes will take over and move the muscles (but only if the release threshold - that disrupts fluency - is not too high). https://preview.redd.it/mwhoj1fozbtf1.png?width=1548&format=png&auto=webp&s=7d771035c2316bef5d1ca14a767a347ed1a4168d