I found [research studies](https://www.google.com/search?q=%22stuttering%22+%22research%22+%22shock+therapy%22) regarding stuttering and shock therapy. [Research study](https://medium.com/@freyaeharrison/electrical-brain-stimulation-the-new-electro-shock-therapy-for-stutterers-5b416f10b1ed) (2019): Electrical Brain Stimulation: the new electro-shock therapy for stutterers: >In a current ongoing trial conducted at the University of Oxford, titled ‘INSTEP’, Watkins and colleagues investigate the use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), in aiding stammer control in patients undergoing fluency training. tDCS is a method of brain stimulation, which involves placing electrodes on each temple, and passing a very weak current through the brain, which researchers believe could reinforce learning of fluent speech patterns. Neuronal stimulation has previously been associated with increased neuroplasticity, resulting in a greater ability of the brain to repair, reorganise and restructure itself > >It is important to distinguish the difference between tDCS and Electroconvulsive therapy (earlier known as the dread-inducing electroshock therapy.) While the former utilises a very weak electrical current, the latter uses a higher voltage to induce seizures, aiming to relieve the symptoms of various mental disorders. Electroconvulsive therapy often resulted in side effects such as retrograde amnesia (memory loss), and other cognitive deficits. While tDCS may be used in contexts of various neurological conditions, electroconvulsive therapy was more commonly used for psychiatric disorders including depression, catatonia, mania, and schizophrenia. Arguably, tDCS is a much safer alternative for this rather primitive therapy. Although it is still in the early stages of testing, tDCS could provide a much kinder, non-pharmacological treatment.