Terminologies explained: * **Speech errors**: Stuttering-like disfluencies and hesitations are **NOT** speech errors. But they signify underlying errors that are detected in the speech motor plan and interrupted before speech is output. When an error has occurred in the speech motor plan, the selected word has a lower activation than one of the competing words (Competing options may have highest activation and be triggered - resulting in a speech error). However, actual speech errors are rare in people who stutter - so it's more likely that most speech errors are perceived (imagined) - resulting in excessive unnecessary: (a) error-repairs, (b) monitoring and (c) overreliance on sensory feedback - to deal with errors * If people who stutter - believe that the speech plan contains errors - then we might respond to it in different ways: * (1) We might cancel the speech plan: we give up and decide to substitute different words * (2) Or, likely in most cases, we do not cancel speech plans, but rather we just keep trying to execute the same speech plan. If we succeed (if the speech plan does indeed eventually become sufficiently activated) then we say the planned utterance fluently. If we fail (if the speech plan never becomes sufficiently activated) then stuttering occurs