>Do you think delayed auditory feedback is just as good as choral reading or a bit worse since it still requires you to initiate the speech on your own? In my opinion there are probably 100 of different ways to outgrow stuttering as an adult. Any strategy with a little tweaking may be effective. Research that I've read states that the positive results of DAF fade after 1 year, but I think future studies could improve DAF strategies by including this: * Learning that anticipation is not true or my true intentions * Learning that auditory feedback - or hearing myself stutter - isn't a problem and doesn't need to be avoided (which normally leads to unhelpful reactions shown in the diagrams) * Learning to justify and blame 'auditory feedback' less - to breathe out or move my tongue during a speech block * Building tolerance against auditory feedback and anticipatory fear * Reframing auditory feedback and anticipation as a fluency feeling (a reason) to move my tongue * Learning to have intention to move my tongue WITH NEGATIVE AUDITORY FEEDBACK, PANIC, ANTICIPATION, ETC - without a reason (because 'moving my tongue' is instinctive) A strategy could be: * Step 1: speak for 1 hour. Speak with DAF for 55 minutes and without DAF for 5 minutes while learning that 'hearing yourself stutter' isn't a problem or fearful and therefore isn't a reason (justification) to stop focusing on the intention to move your tongue during a speech block * Step 2: speak for 1 hour. Speak with DAF for 5 minutes and without DAF for 55 minutes * Step 3: Speak 1 hour without DAF. Now you became tolerant against your own voice and you made your own stuttering insignificant in your mind that you can immediately 'choose' without reason - without holding back