[This research ](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0094730X23000402)(2023): *"Reactions and responses to anticipation of stuttering and how they contribute to stuttered speech that listeners perceive as fluent – An opinion paper*" states: Stuttering is conceptualized as first being internally realized by the speaker which occurs both consciously and subconsciously, and it can be met with adaptive reactions and/or responses. The experience of stuttering is wide ranging and includes a variety of perceived and unperceived behaviors and experiences, such as anticipation. Anticipation we discuss here is not the prediction of an upcoming event, rather an internal realization of stuttering. Anticipated moments of stuttering (whether at a conscious or subconscious level) must be met with an adaptive reaction or response (which may also occur consciously or subconsciously) which include characteristic stuttering behaviors and other adaptations that may contribute to speech that is perceived by listeners as fluent. An outcome of this conceptualization is, even when adaptations result in listener perceived fluency, the speech of the person who stutters is still controlled by stuttering – meaning that some observable or unobservable adaptation is required. Abnormal activations have been found to occur preceding a moment of stuttering (Jackson et al., 2022, Sowman et al., 2012) and at times are associated with fluent speech production (Kell et al., 2018, Mersov et al., 2016, Vanhoutte et al., 2015). Realization in this context does not necessarily equate to awareness. Instead, realization refers to the existence of a moment of stuttering (it does not reflect a realization of it, but instead, is more indicative of an expectancy of stuttering). The viewpoint of the current author is that collective “core” and “secondary” behaviors simply represent different reactions and responses to anticipation. This is in line with Guntupalli et al.’s (2006) proposal that, “Every difference in speech production relative to fluent speech, from the aberrant neural activation patterns to the covert experiential reactions, through to the overtly perceptible demarcated repetitions and prolongations, are simply compensatory behaviors emanating from the central involuntary block.’” **Question**: What interventions are effective to become consciously aware of our subconscious "*internally realized anticipation*" and "*its adaptive reactions or responses*"?