>If you believe it is impossible to speak in front of your classmates without stuttering, then this belief affects your intentions Yes and no. For example, if I think "My father is watching my tournament" then I could panic. This could lead to (1) a bad performance or (2) a good performance. In other words, if we 'blame, depend on or prioritize' this thought or feeling over 'good performance' then it could lead to a bad performance. But not always, for example, if a person panics but in spite of the panic regardless, still instructs doing a good performance, then this could lead to a good performance. What can we learn from this? We can learn from this that 'panic' or thought or feelings about feared situations or letters don't lead to stuttering if we don't blame it or depend on it over a good performance. The problem is not the situation, trigger or reaction, it's the condition, in other words the comparison that we link to negotiating whether to do a good or bad performance, **in my opinion**. This also makes your statement ("The solution begins with changing intentions and committing to them") invalid - at least if we assume the viewpoint of research: "PWS block because they cancel speech plans", which implies that we initially had 'intention' to pronounce the speech plan. In other words, the problem was not 'a lack of intention', rather it was an unhelpful (defective) condition e.g., **I prioritize (1) canceling a speech plan or (2) disruptions, over sending command signals to move speech muscles (causing a speech block)**