I agree with much of what you say! Thank you so much! basically, in understanding the onset of developmental stuttering in three-year-old children, it as indeed as you say.. we should consider genetic factors. Note here, genetics refers to the inherited DNA sequence that can predispose people to certain traits or conditions. However.. genetics alone does not account for the entire picture. epigenetics, which involves changes in gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence, I think, likely plays a much bigger role in the onset and persistence of developmental stuttering. That's just my own take on it. Basically, epigenetic mechanisms (think here of DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNAs) activate or silence genes in response to environmental factors. This means that while a child may have a genetic predisposition for stuttering, whether or not these genes are expressed can be significantly influenced by their environment, especially trauma as you pointed out. Environmental factors could basically be anything that affect speech or language.. think stress, parental interaction, heck.. even high expectations and being perfectionistic affects epigenetic markers (these markers basically turn the genes on or off). Other environmental factors are language exposure, or emotional support. So yea, in my understanding genetics may not be as crucial as commonly perceived. Our Environmental factors, Understandings and Beliefs, such as cognitive distortions like perfectionism, likely contribute significantly more to the onset or persistence of stuttering, I think. anyway, thank you very much for the great response! It's always great to have such meaningful conversations! Thank you immensely for your kind and thoughtful comment. deeply appreciated. thank you for taking the time to share your perspective!!!