**Stutter example:**  **Neutral stimulus**: Speaking our name  **Transformation**: An intrusive thoughts “If I speak my name I cannot substitute the word” increases perceived pressure  **Conditioned stimulus**: Speaking our name elicits dread and blocks **Extinction**: If we pair speaking our name - without the intrusive thought **Failing to extinct**: If we attribute the stuttering on our name to “luck” or “stuttering just happens when” or “stuttering is neurological” or “I’m a stutterer” i.e., negative associations (that reinforce the conditioned stimulus) - in which we dismiss and completely overlook the “extinction of the conditioned stimulus” \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ I believe this concept is extremely important. Your thoughts? If we could transform the above examples into a clear diagram. Then, in my opinion, speech therapists and researchers could completely revolutionize research findings in an incredibly impactful way.