https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7118465/ *Other non-pharmacological therapeutic interventions may be beneficial, including different forms of psychotherapy such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). In the management of chronic stuttering, the importance of social anxiety or other anxiety disorders should not be overlooked. A study out of Australia indicates that adults who suffer from stuttering have six- to sevenfold increased odds of having an anxiety disorder, specifically the study indicated a 16- to 34-fold increased odds of meeting criteria for DSM IV or ICD-10 social phobia, fourfold increased odds of meeting criteria for DSM IV generalized anxiety disorder, and sixfold increased odds of meeting criteria for ICD-10 panic disorder (Iverach et al., 2009b). Other studies indicate adults with persistent stuttering report high levels of trait, state, and social anxiety, independent of the severity of stuttering speech, and oftentimes warrant a comorbid diagnosis of social phobia. High anxiety often predicts poor treatment outcomes in standard speech programs. An Australian questionnaire of 300 speech-language pathologists (SLPs) and 300 stuttering adults indicate that 65% of SLPs treating stuttering report utilizing anxiety management strategies despite no formal anxiety management training (Menzies et al., 2008). Cognitive behavioral therapy is a psychotherapeutic intervention that may be useful for stuttering, especially because of the high co-occurrence of social anxiety or other anxiety disorders. A clinical trial of CBT combined with speech restructuring treatment indicated that while CBT had no impact on stuttering frequency, CBT treatment was associated with less anxiety and avoidance of daily speaking situations (Menzies et al., 2008).*