>*"With family members or close friends. Stuttering may occur even though there is no subconscious fear, trigger or judgment. Even if I speak fluently with DAF, background noise can be a problem, and if there’s any psychological anxiety, it can trigger stuttering again. For example, when I take serotonin or when I am happy, I feel more* ***relaxed****."* Yes exactly. But I think in the end, ultimately "being relaxed" can also be a conditioned stimulus. Sometimes it can decrease stuttering, while in other times increase stuttering (for example, in a poll -approx 52% PWS reported that they stutter more with strangers, and 48% stutter more with family and friends). In [this video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HaqT7cZdWSw&ab_channel=SchneiderSpeech), Per Alm, phd - mentions: 53:35 minute (in the video): *Relaxing could increase stuttering, for example, if a subgroup of children are relaxed at home, while they stutter more at home than at school. They are simply letting their hair down, not wearing Tuxedo's but comfortable pajamas.* \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Conclusion: However, I think it's more than this. For example, when I was a child, I was not able to finish saying a word when there is loud background music \[conditioned stimulus = background music\]. In hindsight, I think it's because I attributed this subjective viewpoint to 'loud background music': *"Other people have a harder time to hear me during loud background music, so I should more strictly managing or regulating my speech execution"* (i.e., a value judgement) (essentially, leading me to limit speech execution whenever I believed it was the 'right time' to execute speech) which exacerbated my stuttering. But one day I was at the shopping mall with my family (when I was a child). And my mother said: "*No, it's impossible that you stutter more during loud noise. Because when I stutter myself (said my mum) I speak almost fluent during loud noise, and I stutter significantly more in an environment when it's silent.*" From that moment onwards, in that same day, I suddenly became almost fluent during the loud background music (in the shopping mall) - which was normally an impossible situation to speak in to me. But in hindsight, from my understanding what likely happened was: * At that moment, as a child, in the shopping mall: I had subconsciously stopped believing that "loud background music" should be responded with heightened speech execution regulation (i.e., maladaptively fine-tuning speech execution) * And instead, at that moment in the shopping mall. I started believing that "a silent environment" implies that other people will pay more attention to my speech performance or stuttering.. leading me to increase regulation of speech execution (which made it more difficult for me to execute speech), and thus, this significantly triggered my stuttering more often (i.e., value judgements = conditioned stimuli because they are "learned" beliefs that influence the fine-tuning of speech execution) If you think about it.. if stutterers would anticipate a feared word (like speaking on their name), it can lead to believing that they need to reinforce regulation of speech execution i.e., maladaptive fine-tuning speech execution. But social anxiety or anticipation aren't the only conditioned stimuli, wouldn't you agree? Most conditioned stimuli, in most situations we speak in, are simply subconscious.. so I argue that we simply have a lack of mindfulness.. and most people don't like to acknowledge/accept stuttering (i.e., accept their subconscious stutter mechanism in response to psychosocial factors), agreed?