Free [PDF ebooks](https://www.google.com/search?q=%22stuttering%22+%22causes%22+filetype%3Apdf) about stuttering causes. This [research study](https://pure.eur.nl/files/48243924/Repub_117942_O-A.pdf) (2019) is about "*Spontaneous late recovery from stuttering: Dimensions of reported techniques and causal attributions*". The analysis identified 3 components of perceived causal attributions of recovery: * Life change * Attitude change * Social support Attitude change means: * *"My self-confidence increased"* * *"I did not evaluate my speech negatively any longer"* * *"I became insensitive about reactions by others to my stuttering"* * *"I no longer accepted that I was one who stuttered"*