In my opinion: Both may result in positive effects: * reducing avoidance-behaviors * reducing overthinking or overreacting * reducing panic responses * reducing your sensitivity towards and increasing your tolerance against triggers, fear and unhelpful beliefs/attitudes * more confidence or more fluency Both may result in negative effects: * less confidence or less fluency depending on the definition. If the definition of fluency is producing fluent utterances by avoiding words/situations, then in the long term it may lead to less confidence and less fluency. In a similar viewpoint, if the definition of confidence is to be confident while severely stuttering to many people, it may lead to traumatizing events and in the long run it may lead to less fluency and less confidence in the ability to speak * having a high self-esteem of oneself, while not putting complete faith in the feedforward system, may in the long run, lead to even less faith in the feedforward system and it could therefore lead to even more unhelpful corrections (secondaries, avoidance and panic responses). This could result in less confidence and less fluency