I'd like to view 'genetic traits' as an inherited factor. This could predispose to stuttering. Of course, this in itself doesn't create stuttering. It's the combination of: * a predisposition (eg that causes an ear infection) * with learning that stuttering is a problem and to be avoided. People Who Stutter (PWS) have the following behaviors, thoughts and feelings during their stuttering development: * PWS listen to their own stuttering (aka auditory feedback) * PWS experience ear problems (eg when having a cold) * PWS are overcritical towards their speech * PWS are too careful to avoid errors in advance Conclusion: Above triggers don't necessarily lead to a stutter disorder. However, if PWS develop a dysfunctional belief system where they justify (aka blame) above triggers, then this could escalate to viewing speech errors as a problem and to be avoided. Therefore, the solution is: * to reinforce spontaneous speech * to decrease excessive feedback * to not obsess over mistakes * to not view speech errors as a problem or to be avoided * to imprint the positives over the negatives - during monitoring or observation of your speech process * to acknowledge that "I'm a stutterer" is an incorrect self-image * to improve your self-image that we can breathe out or move articulators during a speech block if we switch our focus from (blaming or justifying) overreacting, overthinking and overfeeling to - intention to breathe out or move articulators