This is what I believe : Developmental stuttering, as diagnosed by the DSMIV, is due in part to reduced perfusion in Broca’s area *and fear of negative evaluation, negative social-evaluative cognitions, attentional biases, self-focused attention, safety behaviors, and anticipatory and postevent processing*. https://pubs.asha.org/doi/10.1044/2016_AJSLP-16-0033 This is what I am trying to gain - give people who may be experiencing severe hopelessness, SI or SIB, tangible steps that will lead to new habits leading to longitudinally sustainable increased ability to express themself verbally.