Great reply! Sorry for the late response! At this moment I am trying to create a diagram/model of Evan Usler's hypothesis. This is [my diagram](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1vevk-KoVfkrKO_rnTrhw-FqDL0Q5UEKSn7737nLw3SA/edit?usp=sharing) in an MS Word document which I'm still working on. Once I'm finished with this, I'll start creating the model/diagram in drawio. In response to what you said: " *However this approach (theory) doesn’t explain induced fluency if voice delayed gadget or noise introduced to the vocal hearing closed loop or during acting and in general any novelty introduced in speech process.*" From what I understand after reading Evan Usler's research, but I might be wrong here - is that, according to Evan Usler (PhD) stuttering occurs due to: * Factors: e.g., A tendency to be more cautious to prevent speech errors * which increases cognitive conflict: e.g., giving a public speech despite fear of social evaluation * which reduces perceived communication competence and sense of self-efficacy * which increases the BIS (behavioral inhibition system) * which leads us to try to resolve cognitive conflict by prioritizing controlled processes over automatic processes & relying on aberrantly high sensory precision to speech-related predictions * which results in Salient prediction errors & Excessively precise prior beliefs about the likelihood of stuttering * stuttering occurs (aka inhibition in syllable initiation ) * which results in: hypervigilance, anxiety, cautiousness, autonomic arousal, and the momentary slowing of behavior. Over time, anticipatory anxiety, physical tension, and the feeling of loss of control become habitual (*in response to the chronic cognitive conflict and transient freezing of speech initiation*) * habitual persistence leads to a vicious circle that prevents stuttering remission Logically, to me it makes sense that voice delayed gadgets, as you pointed out, might lead to 'distraction' where PWS ignore speech errors (anxiety, anticipation etc). This could then snow-ball into: not perceiving cognitive conflict, not switching to controlled processing, not increasing BIS activation and the rest what is written in above list. And thus, no stuttering would occur. **Conclusion:** So, as I understand Evan's hypothesis myself, his hypothesis does indeed seem to account for induced fluency leading to reduced stuttering. Your thoughts?