If anyone is interested, here is an explanation regarding our neurology: * "*The underlying pathophysiological mechanism of* ***neurogenic stuttering*** *is not yet fully understood. Contributing to this is the fact that neurogenic stuttering may be associated with multiple pathologies and with different lesion sites*" \~ **brain lesions refers to neural damage** ([1](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8802677/)) * Neurogenic stuttering: "*Results differed from those typically reported for individuals with PDS and, instead, showed (a) only a small amount of adaptation during repeated readings, (b) a small improvement for choral reading that never reached nearly fluent speech, and (c) an increase, rather than decrease, in dysfluency in the conditions with altered auditory feedback (*[*1*](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S091160440900030X)*)*" \~ Due to brain damage choral reading is significantly less effective in neurogenic stuttering compared to developmental stuttering * The causes of developmental stuttering is not yet fully understood. Some researchers hypothesize ([1](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306987723001627)) Developmental stuttering may be caused by insufficient processing of auditory feedback, or ([2](https://neurologia.com/articulo/2017151/eng)) a disturbance in dopaminergic activity, or ([3](https://alliedhealth.ceconnection.com/ovidfiles/00011363-202201000-00004.pdf)) An overreliance on controlled processes (via the behavioral inhibition system) disrupts speech motor performance due to a chronic state of heightened cognitive conflict - resulting in an increasingly destabilized speech motor system, increased anxiety and arousal, and greater instances of stuttering-like disfluency (in other words, a defensive behavior to a perceived threat), ([4](https://www.google.com/search?q=%22stuttering%22+%22sheehan%22)) According to Sheehan, developmental stuttering results from moments of conflicting approach and avoidance motivations, ([5](https://www.google.nl/books/edition/The_Perfect_Stutter/_u8vEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=the+perfect+stutter&printsec=frontcover)) According to the variable release threshold mechanism, developmental stuttering may be caused by unhelpful learning resulted in poor finetuning of the release-threshold mechanism. This mechanism is the ordinary moment to moment regulation of whether or not we speak our thoughts out loud. If we evaluate blocks (or unwanted inhibition) negatively, then such negative past experiences of blocking lead to future experiences of blocking (vicious cycle) - even when the underlying predisposing factors are no longer present **TL;DR Summary:** In summary, Neurogenic stuttering is characterized by: * stroke or brain damage (which is not the case in developmental stuttering) * choral reading is significantly less effective compared to developmental stuttering * auditory masking increases stuttering (in contrast, in developmental stuttering it usually improves fluency) * no (or very little) anticipation (in contrast, developmental stuttering is often characterized by intolerance to stuttering anticipation or the sensation of loss of control) * individuals with neurogenic stuttering usually don't care about the stuttering-like disfluencies (in contrast, individuals with developmental stuttering show increased arousal or anxiety prior to and during stuttering-like disfluencies)