Part 2: To continue. I've made some adjustments to the brainstormed model. **Here is the revised classical operant model**: (I've added extinction process and extinction failure) **US** = Social rejection or communication failure **UR** = a rise in the release threshold for muscle movements and consequent difficulty initiating actions **NS** = speech plan **CS** = speech plan **Negative CR** = a rise in the release threshold for muscle movements and consequent difficulty initiating actions **Positive CR** = a fall in the release threshold for muscle movements and consequent ease initiating actions **Ext (Extinction process)** = Repeated exposure without the unconditioned stimulus Counterconditioning: pairing a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits an incompatible response: o Show Albert rat and then give him cookies o Give him another unconditioned stimulus o Suppress a conditioned response that is more adaptive o Goal: teach new/adaptive conditioned response Counterconditioning: Pair the CS with a new, positive unconditioned stimulus (e.g., a sense of ease or calm). Systematic desensitization: Gradually expose the individual to the CS while promoting relaxation or reducing fear responses. Flooding: Prolonged exposure to the CS until the conditioned response (CR) (blocking) weakens and disappears. Change context: Repeatedly present the CS in different contexts where the US isn’t present to reduce its association. Habituation: Reduce the salience of the CS by repeatedly presenting it in a neutral or non-threatening manner. Inhibitory conditioning: Train a new stimulus to signal the absence of the US when the CS is presented. Extinction plus reinforcement: Extinction process combined with reinforcing an alternative, desirable behavior to replace the undesired one (which offers a constructive outlet to redirect frustration of an extinction burst). For example, if a child throws tantrums for attention, the parent would stop giving attention when tantrums occur. This gradually reduces the frequency of the undesired behavior. Stimulus discrimination: Learning to respond only to the specific conditioned stimulus (CS) and not to similar stimuli. For instance, a dog salivates to a particular tone but not to others. Pros: It prevents behavior spread and trigger expansion.