>"Although now they seem to be taking a more psychological approach with exceptance \[acceptance\]" Yes I agree. However, the problem with the "acceptance" component that speech therapy uses is. that their "acceptance" treatment is highly ineffective towards addressing our poorly fine-tuned "filter" that triggers the approach-avoidance conflict. Here is an example: In my stutter experience, I had an acceptance component in speech therapy. Like, for example, what I did was desensitizing to fear of stuttering. and, accepting that I will stutter forever and be okay with it. ettc etc. and not caring about stuttering. And learning that no one cares about stuttering. And disclosing stuttering. etc etc Result: However, this had 0% effect on my own unique approach-avoidance conflict. So it did not improve my speech blocks in any way not even a little. Why was acceptance from speech therapy ineffective in addressing my conditioned mechanism? My answer would be, that "conscious social anxiety or fear of stuttering" (the imminent danger kind of fear) - was not strongly conditioned. In my own conditoined mechanism, it was the "stutter identity" (i.e., viewing myself as a severe stutterer, and believing that stuttering is completely random and imminent etc) - which triggered my own unique approach-avoidance conflict. This whole "distorted" stutter identity - in my case - only led to further poorly fine-tuning my "speech execution filter" to make it more socially appropriate, and thus, resulting in more stuttering. This "stutter image" that I learned from speech therapy, including the stutter image that I alrady had.. those are what's considered "value judgements". They are beliefs or biases that decides how my subconscious should "treat" speech executoin (that trigger the approach-avoidance conflict). For example: simply believing that I'm a severe stutterer (no matter how OK I am with it), in my own experience led to believing that stuttering is always around the corner (no matter what).. so my subconscious was always primed and expecting a severe halting of speech movements.. and such maladaptive expectations worsen the fine-tuning of my "filter" to execute speech. To sum it up: Yes, for some stutterers "accepting stuttering" can reduce stuttering. But not for me, likekly because I was alrady desensitized to the "conscious imminent social anxiety", however, the "learned" associations between my stutter identity and poorly fine-tuning speech execution, still existed. The speech therapy who taught me "acceptance" never resulted in addressing this unique approach-avoidance conflict. Does that make sense?