Thank you for your response! This is my attempt to summarize this book: psycho-cybernetics: **Helpful interventions:** * thinking of the human mind as a machine can help improve your self-image, which will dramatically increase your success and happiness * stop victimizing yourself * stop drowning in self-pity * learn to feel better about yourself * reduce stuttering * Stuttering is made worse by your negative thoughts about it * do you think this way of believing about yourself came from within, or from a judgemental boss or a group of friends that labeled you? You are telling yourself a story about your nature. Sometimes that narrative is good, and sometimes it’s bad. Often, we tend to feel that we are the villain of our own story. Unfortunately, this type of automatic thinking can lead to many negative consequences. This perception of yourself and how others view you is making your speech shut down * pull yourself out of a negative story. Whether you feel the need to use techniques (etc) to speak, pull yourself out of this negative story. Otherwise the story you tell yourself about your personality affects how you act * reinforce a positive personal image * address your emotions * change the mental image you created of yourself from successes, failures, and experiences * address learned helplessness and learned optimism * change the way you perceive life events of yourself * at every situation, ask yourself what we can change * aim for a successful goal * recognize whenever you change the truth (denial) e.g., because of fear or desire resulting in misunderstanding events, which leads to failure * don’t delay speech initiation until you are completely confident * put the needs/problems of others first (charity) * have a positive self-opinion that you can do whatever you think you can * focus on past successes * ignore past failures * accept and love yourself for who you are * learn to live and be okay with yourself, weaknesses and strengths ​ **Unhelpful interventions:** * thinking that you'll fail, leads to deciding to be a failure * stuttering got built into our speech patterns as a habit. And then developed struggle responses with stuttering (unhelpful actions/decisions), and we reinforced negative beliefs. So it’s all a positive feedback loop where: stuttering -> negative emotions or negative perceptions placed on a past experience -> negative beliefs -> anxiety about stuttering -> repeat