To make this more concrete, here are two quick analogies: **Example 1:** Sometimes, elderly people may still hold racist beliefs. This isn’t necessarily because they feel anxiety about interacting with others—it may be because these beliefs were normalized during their youth. Cultural conditioning plays a powerful role in shaping long-term behavior, and the fear involved might have more to do with past pressures to conform (long-term) than present-day social discomfort (short-term). **Example 2:** Imagine parents who are unusually irritated by the sound of children talking on a bus (they are riding in a bus, in this example). But let's imagine that these parents have 3 kids.. these kids may grow up internalizing that same mindset, even if it’s never explicitly taught. Over time, the children might develop a similar automatic reaction—feeling tense or annoyed when people in a bus are talking in front of them. Anyway, my point is, it’s not about fearing the people in the bus that are speaking, and yet it still led the 3 kids to trigger a reflexive fear-panic response and approach-avoidance conflict—it’s about having a subconscious regulatory system shaped by long-term patterns and cues from their upbringing. I bring these examples up because I think there might be a parallel with stuttering, like when we still stutter without consciously feeling pressure or social anxiety - it seems that they still trigger their approach-avoidance conflict regardless (that result in the manifestation *stuttering*). So, our internal regulation of speech might be shaped by deeply ingrained experiences and cues—some of which are cultural, familial, or situational—rather than just moment-to-moment anxiety (although it may seem like it). That doesn’t mean conscious social anxiety (the immediate danger kind of anxiety) isn’t relevant. But if we pause that angle for a moment, what else might we find? What else might be influencing how speech execution is controlled, managed, or regulated? So yea, that’s the core idea I’m conveying here. Not to dismiss social anxiety, but to broaden the lens—to ask whether there are deeper, less obvious regulatory processes at play in stuttering. And. If so. Then I'd say understanding *those* could open up new avenues for stutter therapy and progress towards stuttering remission and subconscious fluency. Your thoughts?