**Clinical interventions:** * Use choice opportunity, instrumental contingency, and reward rate to increase perceived control. *(that affects the integration of motivational and affective value with instrumental actions)* * Providing choice could enhance the perception of control, promoting reinforcement. Growth mindset interventions focus on promoting the belief that an ability is improvable rather than fixed. A central aspect behind a growth mindset is perceiving control via a belief in instrumental contingency. Rather than setting ability-linked goals, active learning goals can be formulated that put an explicit emphasis on learning, development, and seeking to master challenges. These goals enable individuals to see aversive outcomes as information to improve learning rather than as indicators of stable low ability. Such interventions promote intrinsic motivation and perceived control. Furthermore, growth mindsets have demonstrated beneficial effects for coping with negative affect and reducing physiological stress responses to negative events. **Question:** * How should we change the subjective value to increase context-dependent perceived control in stuttering? *(e.g., abstract beliefs about control, cognitive distortions etc)* * How should we decrease the illusion of a loss of control in stuttering? *(which reflects the subjective judgment that an action-outcome causal relation exists when in fact there is no contingency e.g., due to prolonged stress)* * How should we increase reward sensitivity? * How should we decrease vigilance for threat? * How should we increase tolerance for uncertainty? *(to reduce fear of losing control as well as subsequent maladaptive forms of control-seeking behavior, such as avoidance and compulsive behavior and compensatory behavior)*