**What is your opinion:** If just one brain area was implicated in young children prior to "stuttering onset", it would be possible to argue that the other brain findings in adults who stutter are a result of the experience of stuttering. IF this is the case, then, there would be therapy implications, e.g. maybe it would be possible to design an intervention based on the findings in early childhood, which would alter the developmental trajectory so that the other functional and structural differences seen in adults who stutter would not occur, and the amount of stuttering would thereby be reduced or eliminated. However, Soo-Eun Chang (PhD) shows structural and functional difference from a non-stutter group very early on as well, making it difficult to interpret the various research findings. We know from twin studies that stuttering genotype doesn’t lead inevitably to stuttering phenotype, and that there must be environmental or other epigenetic factors which contribute to the continuation of stuttering. **Conclusion:** Future research should investigate what those factors are.