>*"Because people that have stammered for their entire life have a large neurological component"* Thanks for your input.. and you're absolutely right that stuttering has a strong neurological basis. That’s an important piece of the puzzle, and I completely agree it shouldn’t be overlooked. At the same time, I think it’s still possible to work with how we speak by walking ALL of these three paths I mentioned: *subconscious fluency, controlled fluency, or auto-pilot speech*. and this is especially true when the neurological component is strong. *Put simply*: so to put it into perspective, let's imagine a stutter cycle.. if we think of a smaller version of the stutter cycle something like: 1. distal causes (like bioneurology, beliefs, expectations etc) 2. proximal causes (immediate triggers prior to a stuttering block) 3. underlying psychological mechanism / conditioning between freezing and the underlying mechanism 4. freezing 5. preventing execution of the speech plan 6. this transpires indirectly as stuttering outcomes, but more as the manifestations What you said is true, we can use controlled fluency - by focusing on (or targeting) the manifestations - this is number #6, do you see it? anywhere we break the stutter cycle it leads to fluency. so: It doesn't HAVE to be always controlled fluency. that's what I'm trying to say. Speech therapies and speech techniques often overlook the "conditioning" between the freeze response and approach-avoidance "motivational" conflict but it doesn't mean that subconscious fluency cannot be achieved by targeting this underlying conditioning process. Have you had a chance to look at the explanation I wrote (in the Google Drive [document](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Xg7RwTND-yuIWREJCQJXQpIPoT1cEBSm/view?usp=sharing)) about subconscious fluency? I’d love to hear what you think