Comment #1: Summary of the research: *"Reactions and responses to anticipation of stuttering and how they contribute to stuttered speech that listeners perceive as fluent – An opinion paper"* (2023) **Summary:** Stuttering anticipation: (internal sense/internal disruption) (1) predicting or expecting stuttering *(e.g., sound and word specific anticipation; loss of control in the speech production processes)* (2) internally realizing stuttering will take place: the existence or recognition that stuttering is approaching *(for example: ???)* Stuttering anticipation must be met with an adaptive reaction (i.e., subconscious) or response (i.e., conscious) (in response to emotions such as anxiety) - to stabilize control of balance- which differs based on whether they promote positive or negative communicative behaviors. Reactions/responses i.e., compensatory postural adjustments (CPAs), include subtle speech and nonspeech behaviors, which even when subtle, may represent a significant internal conflict. For example: motoric adaptations to speech, even when adaptations result in listener perceived fluency, the speech of the person who stutters is still controlled by stuttering – meaning that some observable or unobservable adaptation is required. Abnormal activations have been found to occur preceding a moment of stuttering (Jackson et al., 2022; Sowman et al., 2012) and at times are associated with fluent speech production. Recent findings suggest that the “primary” and “secondary” behaviors fall under the same umbrella (Yaruss). Briley states that collective “primary” and “secondary” behaviors simply represent different reactions and responses to anticipation. Guntupalli states: Every difference in speech production relative to fluent speech, from the aberrant neural activation patterns to the covert experiential reactions, through to the overtly perceptible demarcated repetitions and prolongations, are simply compensatory behaviors emanating from the central involuntary block. Perturbation: “a secondary influence on a system that causes it to deviate”. The system is the coordination of respiration, phonation, and articulation. The secondary influence is the disrupted neural signaling that brings about the central involuntary block (Guntupalli), conceptualized here as being realized internally (Jackson), and the deviations are behaviors implemented at a conscious or subconscious level in response to the presence of stuttering. Deviations include primary and secondary stuttering behaviors (Van Riper), escape and avoidance behaviors (Guitar), open stuttering (Sisskin), and any techniques taught in speech therapy.