>But from the research I’ve seen therapy that emphasizes fluency isn’t very effective for people with a lot of avoidances or anxiety about stuttering. I agree completely that most PWS focus on measuring fluency so they try to speak as fluently as possible. In other words, most PWS put all their focus on the desire (say: hope) of a positive (fluent) outcome (which is being in the future) **instead of** focusing on the intention to breathe out or move tongue/jaw during speech (which is staying in the here and now)