**TL;DR summary (of the post):** *Neurophysiological basis* \+ *Negative emotions* \> They produce behavioral patterns (similar to those exhibited during physical pain experiences) until the aversive stimulus is reduced or reaches a tolerable level. So they disrupt the sequence of these behaviors. Resulting in 'useless' muscle movements (behavior 'disintegrates' and becomes inefficient). **Automatic processes:** Fluent speech production requires a high level of fine neuromuscular coordination. Fluency doesn't exert any muscular effort—it happens effortlessly, without any control. They compromise this coordination. **Emotional learning / Conditioning:** If negative emotions frequently occur during speech, environmental stimuli may become associated with these emotions. These stimuli can then trigger the emotional effects that lead to the 'disintegration' of speech. We commonly have negative life experiences related to their stuttering (punishment, corrections, fear, pressure, comparisons, etc.), so the act of speaking itself becomes a negative experience. This makes speech a highly emotional activity. **Compensatory strategies:** We learn compensatory strategies (like, correcting stuttering with gross motor activity, doing something with speech movements, breathing etc) to increase control. Compensatory strategies ultimately disrupt automatic processes and comprise this fine neuromuscular coordination.