You also mentioned: >*"Fluency doesn’t exert any muscular effort—it happens effortlessly, without any control. They compromise this coordination."* I fully agree with this. If someone uses a compensatory strategy—like breathing calmly—and.. let's say that it happens to lead to fluency, I don’t think it’s the calm breathing itself that resolved the underlying issue. Instead, I’d argue that the subconscious perceives itself as being more tolerant of the conditioned stimulus at that moment. Such that, I’d say that we believe—or more precisely, our subconscious perceives—that we have become (more) tolerant to the conditioned stimulus (if breathing calmly led us to speak fluently at that specific moment). So, I think that this fits into the evaluation phase, where the subconscious decides how to respond to the stimuli. In general, I believe fluency can only occur through **automatic processes**. Even if a compensatory strategy works, it’s not the strategy itself that produces fluency I think—sure, it might help kickstart the automatic processes, but it's not the automatic processes itself. A person can’t consciously control these processes (that are required for fluent speech production), just like we can’t consciously control the coordination needed for walking. So, if this is true, then I think addressing stuttering towards automatic processes (i.e., stuttering remission) should involve two elements: 1. **Automatic processes** – How do we kickstart the automatic processes? 2. **Fear-panic response** – How do we minimize its impact or increase our tolerance to conditioned stimuli? If this is true. Then the questions we can ask, are: (1) Should we focus on **unlearning** the urge to control automatic processes? Or should we learn to let go of them? (2) Should we use **compensatory strategies** to address the perceived conflict that arises due to negatively evaluating the conditioned stimuli that result in a fear-panic response (or reflex freeze response), right before we stutter? If so, how exactly?