>*" Is this a mindset or a physical thing or?"* The tips provided in the research study are mainly focused on adopting a positive mindset to build tolerance against certain emotions, thoughts or body sensations. ​ >*"Could you break that down for me please in an easier format?"* To apply the tips for improving stuttering based on the research study, you can follow these steps: * Avoid adopting a mindset of helplessness as to not disrupt motor commands. In other words, take responsibility for changing your mindset and attitude * Don't blame a low confidence, don't link this to (1) your self-worth (aka self-esteem) or (2) disruption of motor commands. In other words, don't base your self-worth solely on your speech performance * Build self-efficacy in your ability to execute motor commands * Pay attention to others' behaviors \[observational learning\] to copy healthy coping mechanisms such as emotional regulation * Challenge negative self-perceptions or change negative thought patterns. For example, don't let tension, fatigue, pain, or anticipation discourage you to execute motor commands My own personal tips are the following: * During our experience of inability to execute speech movements, we feel unbearable pain - whenever we execute motor commands, do you experience the same? In my experience, this is from adopting a **helplessness** attitude. So, my tip is to mindfully observe this pain - whenever we execute articulation. The goal of this is: building tolerance and removing meaning * In other words, don't adopt a helplessness attitude, such as giving up on executing motor commands (for example, because we blame low confidence in this ability over a lack of effort) I hope this helps