Your initial take doesn’t provide room for dialogue. This isn’t a “both sides” argument. I’d appreciate if you named the book you’re reading and gave a link. The four reasons you present are all associated with control and are often cited in addiction and OCD literature. However, it’s Freudian. Freud was a genius and one of the fathers of therapy as we know it, but he had no access to a lot of the information we have today. He also believed in blood letting early in his career. If any recent theory can be applied to stuttering, I’d recommend you look into radical acceptance, EMDR/ART/Brainspotting, ACT, etc. My argument is we don’t need treatment for our stutter, we need treatment for our beliefs around our stuttering. I.e. I can’t _____, I’m worthless, everyone thinks I’m stupid, I’ll never be ______. I’ve heard your take too often and I stand behind my statement that it’s the shit from a bull.