There’s also the idea that impactful stuttering is a neurological condition caused by an inappropriate unconscious valsalva maneuver in response to the *memory* of people laughing at your repetitions. This could have happened at age 3, or people could have simply unhelpfully encouraged you to “try harder to talk normal”. A block happens *because* you try so hard to hide your stutter, your vocal chords actually clamp shut. Valsalva clamps vocal chords shut, which explains why we can still whisper talk or mouth words . In choral speech, there’s almost no chance of anyone hearing/noticing your stutter, so the fear vanishes, and fluency happens. With hard work and no devices, I have decreased my blocks from 1000’s/day to only a few. I got here by starting with short voluntary repetitions, maintaining normal eye contact, beginning slowly and enunciating . Last month, I stopped doing those things and started blocking every few words. It took a few days of extra practice to get back to smooth, enjoyable and fluent talking.