**TL;DR Summary:** * Recent research suggests that neural activations in stuttering are a consequence, not a cause. Stuttering is seen as a disorder in initiating speech motor plans, specifically syllable initiation, linked to disrupted function in the supplementary motor area (SMA). * The study proposes a need for a unified model of neural systems involved in stuttering: The core problem is difficulty initiating speech motor programs for syllables, supported by the Variability model (Vmodel). Syllable initiation difficulties are suggested to arise from disrupted SMA function. The research explores the role of the SMA, basal ganglia, and operant behavioral treatments in stuttering. * Strategies suggested focuses on reducing linguistic stress variability, motoric effort, and arousal, and addressing syllable initiation problems and linguistic stress