Regarding the research from 2020. Here is my summary of the recommended interventions from the link you shared. **Interventions**: * Enhance awareness and acceptance of internal states (e.g., anxiety, anticipation). To increase psychological flexibility and self-regulation during stuttering and to promote tolerance of uncertainty and variability * Targets unhelpful beliefs, social anxiety, and negative self-perceptions. To reduce fear of judgment, and encourage positive coping mechanisms. * Focus on anticipation management. “Detection”: Addressing immediate awareness of upcoming stuttering. “Assessment”: Evaluating situational risk and speaker’s perceived control. “Forecasting”: Managing long-term worry that inhibits social or occupational engagement * Stuttering occurs in response to social judgement and social approval. Understand this important distinction. To improve engagement and accuracy of interventions * Holistic, client-centered therapy: Emphasis on treating the whole stutter cycle—not just the speech manifestations. To target beliefs about stuttering etc. Move beyond surface behaviors and integrate experiential narratives * Clients were fluent during swearing or emotional outbursts (e.g., anger) in this research. Leverage these pathways to develop novel fluency techniques * Enhance awareness of seasonal or cyclical patterns. Identify and accommodate longer-term variability cycles and goal setting. Recognize times of increased disfluency and prepare adaptive strategies in advance