Yes of course. So basically, the research states that the cause of stuttering is likely a dysfunction in the left hemisphere. That's the shortest and simplest I could answer.. and for the tips. Here are the tips simpler explained. Tips: * change the way that we perceive social situations or environmental factors that might lead to hyperactive inhibitory control. Personally, I have a good example. Often if listeners recommend us (people who stutter) to "calm down", then we dislike it. But if we ask ourselves why do we actually not like it? Yes indeed, other people have wrong or incomplete information regarding the underlying mechanism of stuttering. But on the other hand, if a therapist suggests to calm down, then suddenly we praise her. But nothing has changed, only the person who advices it, has changed. And the facts (in both situation) remain the same, which is: * if a therapist recommends calming down, it can reduce repetitions, secondary or avoidance responses, reassurance-seeking (rituals), overthinking or overreacting (e.g., to the sensation of loss of control), breathing more calmly, and staying mindful to initiate articulation before the onset of glottal air pressure. It can also encourage maintaining complete faith in the feedforward system, rather than succumbing to a panic response and, then relying excessively on the production or feedback system \[speech motor learning\]. Sadly, I often observe that PWS tend to ignore the advice to calm down, especially when it comes from a listener (not a therapist), leading to a disregard of speech motor learning. This is just my honest observation. Conclusion: So, I recommend not to perceive your stuttering as a problem when a person says "it's okay to calm down" * if the urge to speak immediately triggers our inhibitory control, then address this trigger * stop yourself if you activate the speech muscles before you've consciously decided to start speaking.. in other words, first activate the speech programming in your brain, and then activate the motor program to activate speech movements, if that makes sense * if you sense in your throat or chest that stuttering might happen, or if you just have a feeling it will, resist the urge to delay speech initiation. In other words, don't let anticipation or other triggers stop you from executing speech movements. Even if you anticipate stuttering, initiate articulation anyway * another trigger is for example, that you don't **want** to stutter, and of course this 'wanting' creates anxiety or perceived conflict especially if you (1) lack confidence in your ability to execute speech movements, and (2) are overly sensitive to rely on secondary or coping responses to execute speech movements (making you error-prone) * don't make anticipation bigger than it is. Personally, I don't believe in stuttering anticipation, I already know that it doesn't exist because humans cannot predict the future. Period * unlink anticipation from reactive motor inhibition * learn to ignore or not care about whatever you perceive, evaluate or anticipate to execute speech movements * learn to stop blaming neurology, and instead address the overactivation in the right-hemisphere (basically, stop overactivating the indirect and hyperdirect neurological pathways) * don't prime (or prepare) your brain to prevent or delay speech initiation when encountering a trigger. So, unlearn this maladaptive habitual response * don't stall or substitute words because of the possibility that (1) you will stutter, or (2) that others will react negatively