>*"Initial reactions are just thoughts but if you focus in on them too much you can convince yourself that they are true, and it builds up even more anxiety. Great post and I cannot wait to read the study fully!"* I very much agree. I distinguish "*unlearning initial reactions*" - for example, to anticipation (or to the experience of inability to execute speech movements) - from "*initial reactions which are replacing or attempting to execute speech movements*". Because non-stutterers can also experience initial reactions but don't attempt to or replace 'execution of speech movements', which I consider an impaired "learned" behavior (or rather impaired timing cue for volitional motor control) that maintains the stutter disorder.